The Christmas Popsicle Murders

Note to My Readers. Over the Christmas holidays I was sitting in my house looking out the window at the miserable weather outside. And believe me, it was bad. As I sat there I wrote this story. It’s a bit dark. Just like the weather outside. I’ve tried capturing the freezing conditions in words. And with images. But I’m afraid no amount of words or images captures what we experienced. Unless of course, you live in Western Canada. Then you know. Those of you reading this living in Florida, southern Italy, or Bora Bora. Sorry. You’ll just have to come here and experience it for yourselves. Heinz Pyszczyk

December 21, 2021, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

It wasn’t a night for popsicles. It wasn’t even a night to be outside.

The two drunks staggered down the dark alley in Chinatown. Ever so careful not to fall or they would immediately freeze to the snow and ice. Teeth chattering, Jack asked. “Where, arrreee wee, sleep…sleeping tonight, Brian? I can’t feel my toes anymore.”

His buddy, Brian answered, slowly. As if trying to force his warm words out into the freezing air. “Don’t know, but we can’t stay out here in this weather.” He tried taking a sip from the wine bottle, only to find it had turned into a wine slushy.

Not only was the alley dark, but the ice fog was now settling in, giving everything an eery flowing appearance. The two men stopped abruptly, swaying slightly, as they saw a human figure propped up against the alley building. Unmoving.

“Stupid shit. Not a night to be out standing around. As we well know…”

The two men staggered up to the figure and then suddenly stopped as the face came into focus. “No wonder he couldn’t talk. A popsicle’s stuck in his mouth. In this weather. No wonder he’s dead.”

“This isn’t popsicle weather, Jack. Looks to me like it’ll take hours before the police can pry that popsicle out of his frozen yap.”

…………………………………..

Fumbling for her phone, which was constantly by her bedside, the yawning detective picked up. “Chan here.” She glanced at her watch. Three A.M. Listening, listening. And nodding to herself as she was waking up trying to process the words on the phone. “O.K., I’ll be right down.” Finally hanging up and getting dressed.

Her partner, Lim, rolled over watching her get dressed. “What is it, Jewel?”

“There’s been a possible murder in Chinatown. I’ve got to go.”

“At this time of night? It’s -38C out there right now. Can’t this wait? The person’s dead. A few more hours won’t matter.”

Before leaving, detective Julia (Jewel) Chan leaned over and kissed Lim on the forehead.

………………………………..

As she drove to the crime scene in Chinatown, the frozen square tires on her car clunking away, Chan thought about her last year on the force. Her car radio played in the background. She’d finally made detective four years ago. But this last year had been rough. Besides a major blunder, being a woman of Asian descent likely was the end of her career path. The radio DJ droned on. “It’s a cold one out there, folks. Bundle up. Exposed skin freezes in about thirty seconds. Why, I heard it was so cold out there, when someone talks to you, you’ll have to catch the words and go inside to thaw them out before you can hear them…” Chuckling.

“Asshole. Typical Edmonton winter humor. No wonder he’s on at three A.M.,” mumbled Julia. The twenty-eight year old Chan felt apprehensive, even queasy as she arrived at the crime scene. Her last investigation was derailed by a leak to the media. Despite her colleagues’ telling her it wasn’t her fault, Chan felt she was being punished. Overlooked as other crimes came up in the following months, not being assigned to any of them. Until now. Feeling down, Chan thought, ‘Probably they couldn’t find anyone else in this miserable weather.’

The alley, still swathed in ice fog, now looked like a Christmas tree, flashing lights of different colors everywhere. Yellow tape running across the alley to keep out curious onlookers. Not that there were any. The freezing cold trumped any curiosity.

Chan, now teeth chattering, was looking closely at the frozen body, still propped against the building wall. She noticed immediately he was frozen to the wall, likely needing a blow torch to remove him. ‘Well, no chance of falling over and shattering. That would spoil the evidence. Sick. Sick. About as bad a thought as that D.J.’, thought Chan.

“Any witnesses? Who found him?”

The young constable beside her responded. “No witnesses to his death/murder. Couple of local outdoors people found him.”

Chan looked at the young constable. ‘Outdoors people?’ Was everyone getting politically correct now? Even when describing two drunks in Chinatown?

The constable went on. “All I could get out of those two wise ones was eating popsicles in wintertime is bad for your health.”

“Alright, constable. I get the picture.”

“Well, at least the evidence is safe. That popsicle isn’t going to melt any time soon.” The constable abruptly stopped laughing, seeing the dark look on Chan’s face. Chan had a reputation in the force – no bullshit while on a crime scene.

“Is Forensics on the way, constable?” The constable merely nodded, not wanting to say anything more to garner that ‘look’ again from Chan.

Chan didn’t see his response. She was leaning forward to examine the frozen corpse more closely. Nothing remarkable about him. Middle-aged Caucasian male, medium build and height. Well dressed. Like he didn’t belong in this back alley in this part of town. Hard to tell eye color or any other details with his face so frosted up, like someone had spilled icing sugar on him.

“Any I.D., constable?”

“Didn’t check. I thought it best to touch nothing and focus on securing the crime scene.”

Chan’s respect for the young constable rose considerably. “Good, constable. No point rummaging around until Forensics is done.”

“What about cause of death, constable? See anything?”

“Nothing obvious. No weapon around. He looks like he just froze to death eating that popsicle. Why would someone stick a popsicle in his mouth? weird ….”

Again, Chan wasn’t paying much attention to the constable. She focused on the popsicle. It was clear, probably just water. She shone her small flashlight on it.

“Jeez, detective. Is that paper inside the popsicle?”

“Looks like it. We’ll have to thaw out the popsicle and see.”

…………………………..

A livid, red-faced Chan was standing in Chief of Detective Johnson’s office. Who stood with his back to her, staring out onto the icy wonderland of downtown Edmonton.

“With all due respect, Chief. I can handle this case. I don’t need an old version of ‘Columbus’ here helping me.”

“It’s ‘Columbo’, detective. Not Columbus. He came earlier.”

Indeed. There standing beside her was an elderly version of the disheveled detective Columbo in that famous TV series years ago. Seemingly not insulted by her words. Staring at the ceiling. And looking and smelling like he was just dragged out of a bar. Or that alley where the murder occurred.

“Detective, given this unusual case, you need some help. You’ll be lead but Art here will help. Considering that note in the popsicle, you might need all the help you can get. I have a feeling this isn’t the last one. I told the captain I wanted a younger man on the case, but he insisted on ‘him’.”

A blushing Chan responded. “Yes, Chief. The note was odd, but if you’ll just give me some time…”

“No, Chan. You need help. Art has a lot of experience with this kind of thing. And I have no choice in the matter.”

Chan rolled her eyes, looking sideways at the almost retired detective Art Fraser, who was now inspecting the Chief’s wall of fame, thinking. ‘Looks as old as Columbus to me.’

“Nice wall you have here, Johnson. Is that you with the mayor? Probably after solving those children’s murders five years ago? But, I don’t see Forsythe’s name anywhere up here. Or his picture. After all, he cra…”

“Enough Art. Go acquaint yourself with Julia and the case. And try to stay out of the bars for a while. Dismissed.” A now agitated Chief Johnson turned his back on the detectives, again looking out his window. It seemed the frosty scene before him trumped anything else Fraser had to say.

As they strode down the hall towards to the elevators, Chan took a sideways glance at Fraser. ‘Great’, she thought. ‘An almost retired detective, with a drinking habit, who doesn’t get along with the Chief. Real good for my career.’

“What was that all about, detective?”

Fraser took his time before answering. “The Chief, shall we say, likes to take credit for other peoples’ hard work. Watch your back, detective.” Before Chan could ask any more, the elevator bell rang, and they faced half a dozen faces. Going down.

……………………..

December 22, 2021

Chan and her now partner gazed at the still somewhat wet note found in the frozen popsicle:

“Those who spew death with their breath shall be punished.

Their life must be stopped to save their fellow man.

You reap what you sow.

One….”

The Popsicle Murderer

Chan looked at Fraser. “Any thoughts, detective?”

“Rather cryptic isn’t it. Sounds like some religious kook. But what’s he/she talking about? For sure, the ‘One’ at the end suggests there’s more to come.”

Chan shuddered. “Shit. Just what we need in Chinatown. There are already enough naturally frozen corpses this time of year.”

Fraser nodded. “And the cause of death is strange. Who could hold a healthy middle-aged man long enough to suffocate him with a popsicle? And why a popsicle? Why not just strangle him and be done with it?”

Chan looked at her report again. It said little else. “Toxicology report is still coming. Maybe something there will help. Maybe some sort of clamp was used around the victim’s throat to hold him while the popsicle was shoved into his mouth. Or, a powerful set of large hands.”

“So, what do we have, Chan? A very strong person, likely a man? Maybe two or three people? Motive? There’s obviously a clue in the note but I’ll be damned if I know what right now.”

………………………….

Standing on the crowded street, hidden among throngs of shouting people, the killer looked on. Over the heads of the crowd. Seemingly oblivious to the harsh Edmonton cold. Picking out the next victim. ‘There, that one. Obviously she needs some cooling off. This freezing weather isn’t enough to shut that yap of hers.’

……………………………..

December 24, 2021

Chan was nervously stroking her scarf as she waited for the Chief to speak. Once again the scene below the window seemed more important to him than his two detectives.

“Tell me, Fraser.  How can something look so beautiful and yet feel so goddamned ugly? Do you know that Canada has the top nine of ten coldest temperatures on Earth? Maybe even rivaling Mars.” Obviously a rhetorical question. Because before Fraser could say anything, Johnson continued.

“Where was this one found?”

‘Here we go,’ thought Chan. “In Chinatown again, Sir. Just off 99th Street, near the Happy Noodle Restaurant.”

“Well, that’s not good business for the Happy Noodle, I suppose,” replied a chuckling Chief. Chan didn’t see the humor. Fraser wasn’t paying attention, more interested in what was on the Chief’s wall of honor.

‘What have I got myself into?’, thought Chan. ‘One’s full of himself and my partner couldn’t care less. They didn’t write this stuff in university texts. Maybe a chapter on how to deal with morons in the workplace would have been useful…’

Finally, Johnson turned and sat down at his desk, nervously watching Fraser perusing his wall.

“Before you give me the details on this latest one, anything more on the first one?”

“Yes Sir.” Chan quickly got her notes out. Fraser was still absorbed by Johnson’s wall. “Autopsy reports death by strangulation/asphyxiation. Nothing from toxicology. He was clean when he died. His name is Dr. James Harrison, M.D. Two kids, wife. Nothing unusual, at least so far. We’re still digging…”

Johnson cut her off, asking, “Not much to go on there. Why would anyone kill a doctor during these Covid-riddled times? And with a popsicle? More rhetorical questions it seemed, as Johnston rambled on. “Go on detective. Or, is that it?”

Fraser finally came out of his wall trance. He took out his notebook and wrote down a few lines. Then looked at Chan.

The captain was eyeing Fraser, and in a rather harsh voice continued. “Fraser, you’ve said nothing useful since assigned to this case. Hung over again? Not feeling up to it? Maybe it’s time we drew up those retirement papers?”

An unfazed Fraser finally spoke up. “Chief, there’s nothing more to say that detective Chan hasn’t already covered. Obviously, whoever killed them, and I say them because this last one had a popsicle stuck down her throat, was one and the same person.”

“Thank you ‘Captain Obvious’ for finally speaking up. Not that it helps…”

“Let me finish, please. This one also came with a note inside the popsicle.” Fraser fumbled for the note in his pocket. It read:

“What makes the heart black?

To not feel the suffering that your actions create.

To not feel your own greed.

To not feel the need of the many.

To not feel your lack of compassion.

To not feel that you got in bed with evil.”

The Popsicle Murderer

“Apparently this was written by the psychic, Suzanne Warner. The murderer plagiarized her work. Must have suited what he/she needed to say.”

“So what, Fraser? There’s nothing there that makes any sense to me.”

By this time Fraser was again examining the chief’s wall. Then he looked closely at one photograph. “Chief, in this one here of you standing beside the Cree Chief, White Tail, I believe. Being congratulated for solving those Indigenous women’s murders in the Edmonton region. Wasn’t it Reynolds that finally cracked…”

“Get the fuck out of my office, now. Both of you. And solve this case. The media’s all over me on these murders. People are scared. And you’re in here staring at my wall. Get out.”

As they left, Fraser turned to Chan. “And I always thought he loved the media. And they him.”

………………………….

A now totally befuddled Chan followed Fraser down the hall, out into the freezing cold, the sun blazing on the snow almost blinding her. “What exactly do you two have going, Fraser? Christ, two meetings and you’ve pissed him off both times.”

A smiling Fraser, pulling his hat down low to shield the blinding sun, almost sounded cheerful. “I’ll guarantee you, Chan, it’s not love. Don’t stay in his office too long. He could ruin your whole day.”

“But, Fraser, he has a right to know. He’s our boss. We can’t just be vague with our reports.”

“You can’t, Chan. I however can. Anyway, let’s grab something to eat. How about some Dim Sum, in keeping in the spirit of the murders? There’s some stuff we should go over. Doing it over lunch is as good a place as any.”

Chan, shaking her head, “In keeping with the spirit of the murders? What a morbid comment!”

Undaunted, Fraser responded. “Besides I need to talk to some people in Chinatown that could help us.”

Twenty minutes later the two detectives were sitting in the Green Rice Bowl in Chinatown. Chan was genuinely surprised at Fraser’s knowledge of the little dishes that the waiters carted past their table. And his familiarity with management.

“I didn’t take you as a Chinese food connoisseur, Fraser.”

Fraser merely smiled. “I order Chinese take-out like everybody else.”

“But, these dishes are different. One wrong nod and you could be eating gelatinous chicken feet. Not a western specialty. Or favourite.”

“I come down here often. Lim and I are related.” Suddenly Fraser grew quiet, and his eyes grew foggy. Chan sensed something was wrong and didn’t push it.

Fraser saved the rather awkward moment of silence by jumping into the case. “O.K., let’s start profiling the killer and see how far we get. And, perhaps more importantly, see what we still don’t know. We’ve had two murders in Chinatown in the past four days. Same method. So, it’s highly likely it’s the same person.” Fraser stopped and sipped his tea when he saw Chan was about to jump in.

“What I don’t understand, is what the two murders and victims have in common. One’s a while male doctor and the other one’s a Chinese teacher. Different neighbourhoods, not related…. So, we have no connecting motive. Only with some cryptic notes and two popsicles.”

Fraser listened patiently until Chan finished. “I think the notes tell us the murderer is out for some sort of revenge. Exactly what, I don’t know. But, like many of these serial cases, the devil’s in the details. I had toxicology do some extra testing. Not on the bodies, but on the popsicles.” Fraser pulled a page out of his pocket and handed it to Chan.

Chan began reading and her mouth opened in surprise. “Oh, my goodness. What the hell. Is that it then, Fraser? The motive? But why them?” Fraser filled her in on his suspicions. Calmly sipping his green tea.

“I’ll see you back at the office, Chan. I have to talk with some people down here. In the meantime, why don’t you dig deeper into the history of the victims. There has to be some sort of connection.”

……………………………

December 26, 2021

Father Sinclair strode through the dark, quiet church when he heard sounds. It was late. Nothing was stirring outside in the freezing Edmonton cold. ‘Maybe a poor soul come out of the cold to seek warmth here,’ thought the priest. Every available building space in and around Chinatown was filled with the homeless as the northern vortex cracked down on Edmonton like a whip, freezing everything in its path.

“Anyone there? Come, no need to hide.” The Father continued down the aisle and then strode towards a darkened vestibule where he thought he heard the sound.

Suddenly a whisper. “Do you repent, Father?”

Sinclair froze when he heard the words. Nearly as quickly as if he were outside in the northern winter. It came again. “Do you repent, Father?”

Sinclair walked shakily toward the voice in the darkness. “Repent for what?”

Just as he was about to enter the darkness of the vestibule a large hand shot out and grabbed him by the throat. “For your sins, Father. For your sins.”

The hand pulled the struggling priest off his feet. Then something long and icy entered his throat while fingers pinched his nostrils shut. And as he died, he heard the killers words. At first strong, then ever dimmer. “For your sins, Father. For as Luke has written, “I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance.” Then there was only cold and darkness, melding in with the weather outside.

…………………………….

Lights flashing, driving to the next murder scene at St. Paul’s Cathedral, Fraser and Chan were engulfed in their own thoughts. The streets had a glossy sheen, as if curlers had been out all night polishing the ice. Suddenly everything stopped in front of them.

“Crap,” muttered Fraser. “Water main break. We’ll have to detour. Looks kind of pretty though. The water shooting ten metres in the air and then hitting the street as ice. You don’t see that very often.”

Chan looked at her partner somewhat askance. It seemed nothing fazed the old detective. The DJ on the radio squawked, “Yes, folks, another frosty night in Edmonton, as the thermometer is reading -39C. Not a night for eating popsicles….” The media were running with the popsicle jokes whenever they could as the murders unfolded.

“Asshole,” mumbled Chan as they detoured around the water line break. Maybe this was an opportunity to go over their latest evidence before being assaulted with a new murder.

“Tell me Fraser, why did you have that popsicle analyzed? I mean it just looked like a popsicle. Nothing unusual?”

After some thought Fraser answered. “It was what that dipshit Chief of ours said at our last meeting. Why would anyone use a popsicle to murder someone? There are simpler ways. The killer was sending us a message.”

“He sure was. There was enough Covid virus in that popsicle to kill thousands.”

“And what did you find out from the background check on our two victims?”

Chan, quite pleased, gushed forth. “Both victims were extreme anti-vaccers. Both were in the media lately denouncing Canada’s vaccination program.”

“It seems then, Chan, we have our motive. Someone out there really hates anti-vaccers. And my guess, it’s probably a personal thing. Maybe lost someone close to them from Covid.”

“Well, that doesn’t narrow it down much, does it. There are thousands of grieving people out there who lost wives, husbands, mothers…. What sets this one apart? And how does the killer choose the victims. He/she can’t just do a door to door survey to find out who hates vaccines, right?”

Fraser gave Chan a brief glance then tapped the radio.

Chan gasped. “Oh my God, Fraser, the media?”

Fraser merely nodded as they drove through the icy night. Both pondering the events. Rethinking the evidence. And wondering who the next victim would be.

…………………………

Chan and Fraser sat in the Johnson’s office. A pacing Johnson wanted answers. The tension in the room was as cold and brittle as the outside northern air. Fraser as usual wasn’t paying too much attention, instead staring at the chief’s bare wall – the one where all his awards used to hang.

“What happened, chief?,” asked Fraser pointing at the wall. “Making room for the next batch?”

Johnson, barely able to contain himself, asked through gritted teeth. “You two better have something for me. Instead of the usual wisecracks. Especially you, Fraser. The Chinese community is in an uproar. The captain wants results. And the mayor is beginning to wonder what we’re up to. Well, what are we up to?”

‘And you want some glory,’ thought Fraser.

“Well, Sir, there have been some developments.”

Johnson waited, but Fraser didn’t share any more information. “Some developments? Yes, I know that. Another murder. We have a priest, with a popsicle stuck down his throat, frozen solid to a statue of Luke, outside St. Paul’s cathedral. And, on the letter board on the lawn, the words, ‘I tell you, no! But unless you repent, you too will all perish.’ What the hell is that supposed to mean? And why kill a man of the cloth? Of the people?

Chan looked at Fraser before answering. “If I may, Sir. We think the murders are all connected by the fact that all three were public anti-vaccers. They appeared on TV or at public demonstrations. So, we have motive. The popsicles are laced with the Covid virus. Probably intended to send a message about what will happen if you speak out against vaccination. In a rather morbid way, the killer seems to be trying to get people to vaccinate before more people die.”

A slow smile spread on Johnson’s face. “Good work. So, are we getting close to who’s killing out there?” asked the Chief.

Before Chan could answer, Fraser cut in. More focused than he ever was in the last few days.

“I think so, Chief. We’re about to write out warrants and go in for an arrest.”

“That’s great news! Great news!,” shouted the Chief. “Do you have the case file with you?”

A now thoroughly confused Chen again looked at Fraser as if silently imploring him for guidance. “Yes, Chief. But we kind of need to…”

“Then hand it over, Chan. I’ll take it from here. You two take a break. You’ve been going at it hard for the last week.”

“But, chief, there are still some loose ends…..”

“O.K. Chan. Let’s go. You heard the Chief. He’ll take it from here.” Fraser grabbed Chan’s arm and led her out of the office before she could say any more.

Outside the office, Chan yanked her arm away from Fraser’s grip. “What the hell are you doing Fraser? We don’t have a clear suspect, and you know it. What did you put in that file? Fraser, what’s going on here? Something’s really off. Just like this stinking weather.”

“Tea, Chan? Looks like you could use a cup of good strong green tea.”

“I don’t want tea, Fraser. I want answers to all this god dammed weirdness.”

“Trust me Chan. Things are not what they seem.”

“No shit, ‘Captain Obvious’.”

Fraser just shrugged as they opened the door and received a blast of cold Arctic air. ‘God, I’m getting tired of the ‘Captain Obvious’ thing….’

…………………………

The white-hot lights were blinding. And deceiving. They didn’t seem to make anything warmer outside the suspected ‘popsicle’ murderer’s house. In the middle of the camera lights stood a calm Chief Johnson. Teeth barely chattering. “We have a suspect and I’m pretty certain we may have an arrest shortly. Then all Edmontonians will sleep better as we put the murderer away.”

In her apartment, snuggled under an enormous blanket, Chan watched as Johnson walked to the front door of the house, a small army of police officers in his wake, to make an arrest.

“Good work, Julia. Looks like all your hard work paid off.” Lim, sitting next to her, patted her on the shoulder.

In another part of the City, Art Fraser sat in his easy chair watching the same TV coverage. Scotch in a trembling hand, which had already held two others before this one. Smiling and mumbling, “Well, chief, as they say in the movies. Make my day.”

……………………………

Some Days Later

They sat in the newly appointed Lieutenant’s Chief of detectives office. Drinks in hand going over the events of the case. Silently contemplating what just had happened. And relieved the case was behind them.

“Congratulations, Chief. I believe you’re the youngest Chief of detectives ever appointed. And the first woman. And the first of Asian descent. You must be proud.”

Chan sighed. “I am. Kind of. I wouldn’t be here if it hadn’t been for your help, Fraser. And the looks I get from some of the senior detectives. As if saying, ‘a token woman, and a token minority. She never would have got the job on merit alone.’ That galls me a bit.”

“But you deserved it, Julia. You cracked the case. I didn’t see what you saw in those popsicle sticks. My Chinese connections told me that companies make monogrammed popsicle sticks. But I didn’t put two and two together. Pretty astute observations on your part.”

“Well, before we get into that, why were you appointed to this case? And who appointed you? Surely not just to help out?”

“No. I was put on the case to ferret out a rat. We suspected Johnson of leaking information to the media for several years. That way he was always in the spotlight, and the media were at his beck and call. He ruined your last case by leaking information to the media, thus, forewarning our perp who then destroyed incriminating evidence before you moved in. As to who I worked for, that’s irrelevant. But, I’m sure you can make an educated guess. There’s a reason the police investigate themselves. No one else really knows what’s going on inside.”

“O.K., O.K. I can read between the lines. But, you set up Johnson. You deliberately led him to the wrong suspect with that monogrammed popsicle you placed in the evidence report. A very powerful person from the University. Kind of underhanded and almost illegal wouldn’t you say, Fraser?”

“Well, not something you might find in your university textbook, but we had to nail him. Besides, he wasn’t thorough enough. If he would have read further into the file, he would have realized that Dr. Yumoto couldn’t be the killer. Yumoto is at best five feet, five inches tall, weighs one-hundred and fifty pounds, is seventy-five years old with a heart condition. No, the chief wanted to believe so badly, he only read part of the report, because he craved the limelight. Another trophy on his wall.”

“Did Yumoto know this was coming.”

“Yes. We had to forewarn him. He played along when we explained things. Helluva job acting for the media when he cussed out Johnson.”

They sipped their drinks in silence. After some time Fraser continued. “But it was you who noticed the real damming evidence, Chan. That wasn’t a popsicle stick at all used in those murders. It was a tongue depressor. Looks like a big popsicle stick. First big clue. Second, no one thought much about the Chinese symbols on the depressor. Probably made by a Company in China. So what.”

“Yeah, that was a break. ‘You reap what you sow’ in Chinese symbols. The killer used that phrase in the first murder message. And then monogrammed on the tongue depressor. Not too smart for a Ph.D. in medicine.”

Fraser continued. “So, those clues narrowed it down. Someone very knowledgeable in medicine, a strong athletic, with a real hate for anti-vaccers because Covid killed someone they loved dearly. The pseudo-pyschic and religious slogans were intended to lead us astray. So how many people with those attributes fit that profile? And when we re-examined the media footage, she stood out like a sore thumb.”

Chan chuckled. “She threw a few of the arresting officers around as if they were dumbbells. Olympic weightlifters can do that. And then we found more tongue depressors with the same slogans.”

 Chan, caught up in her own reverie, failed to see Fraser now standing in front of her office wall. Carefully examining the lone photograph, of the mayor handing her the commendation for cracking the Christmas popsicle murders. 

“Chan, I don’t see….”

Chan cut Fraser off. “Fraser, don’t even go there….”

They both laughed and tipped their glasses in salute gazing out at the frozen world and the City called Edmonton. Below them striding across the street were a bunch of revelers going to the Oilers game.

Chan gasped. “Are they nuts, Fraser? They’re only wearing Oilers jerseys and shorts! It’s -35C out there. And what the hell are they sucking on?”

Fraser took a quick look. “I think popsicles, Julia.”

Here’s A Truly Canadian Gem – The CKUA Radio Network, Alberta, Canada

Some of the best kept secrets are often hidden under our very noses. I didn’t start listening to this wonderful radio station until the late 1990s. Why not earlier? I couldn’t say. I’m just glad that I finally started to listen. CKUA is one of the most unusual and renowned radio stations in the world. (Image courtesy of CKUA: https://www.liveradioplayer.com/ckua-radio-network/)

Like many of you I love music. I used to play it but now I just enjoy listening to a whole range of musical genres – Country, Rock, Jazz, Blues, Folk, and just about everything in between. But, where on earth does one find such a range of music without spending a small fortune buying it?

Early control room at CKUA. The station first started at the University of Alberta and then moved downtown to Jasper Avenue in Edmonton. (Image courtesy of CKUA: http://www.verdifestivaledmonton.ca/ckuaradionetwork.html)

The answer – tune into the CKUA Radio Network, right here in Alberta, Canada. This is truly a Canadian story. I’m certain many of you from Alberta have already heard about this great radio station. As a matter of fact CKUA is so renowned in Alberta, we even dedicated a display to it in our new Royal Alberta Museum here in Edmonton.

However, there are many people out there who have not heard about this powerful little radio station. So, I’m going to act as the messenger through this website to give Canada’s first public broadcaster (yes, you read right, ‘first public broadcaster’) a plug.

This post will be short and sweet. For more information about CKUA, and how you can tune in, wherever you are in the world, go to their website: https://ckua.com/. Once there you will find more information about the station, its history, hosts, upcoming events, and record library (one of the best in Canada, if not the world).

Here are a few highlights about this amazing radio station to get you started.

CKUA’s first announcer, H. P. Brown. (Image courtesy of CKUA: http://www.verdifestivaledmonton.ca/ckuaradionetwork.html

Did You Know:

  • CKUA was the first public broadcaster in Canada, starting at the University of Alberta with a lecture series, in 1927.
  • Before the internet got going you could only tune into the station in certain places in Alberta (and nowhere else in Canada). Eventually the network built fourteen transmitters around the province so that all Albertans could enjoy their broadcasts. And now you can live-stream their broadcasts from anywhere in the world.
  • CKUA is donor-supported relying primarily on money acquired by fund-raising twice a year and from their regular subscribers. Their fundraiser this fall raised over one million dollars in about ten days.
  • CKUA’s music library one of the largest and most diverse in Canada. It contains more than 250,000 CDs and LPs. The collection represents 140 years of recorded music.
  • CKUA has over thirty-five hosts who, as the CKUA website claims, ‘plan and curate their playlists to their tastes, unencumbered by genre, decade or ‘hit’ lists.’ Each host usually comes from some sort of musical background. And folks, they know their stuff. I’ve learned more about music and the history of music by listening to CKUA than from anywhere else. And, you will hear music on this station that you will rarely, if ever, hear anywhere else. Many of CKUA’s hosts are on a first name basis with some familiar names in each music genre. And the personal interviews of musical celebrities by hosts such as Holger Petersen (a host for over 50 years of his Natch’l Blues show) and Terry David Mulligan (Mulligan’s Stew Show), are off the charts.
  • CKUA promotes local Alberta and Canadian talent. They give new Canadian artists a chance to be heard and hone their skills. The list of musicians they promoted is extensive: Jan Arden, K.D. Lang, Robert Goulet, Tommy Banks, Corb Lund, to name a few. (I seem to recall that Robert Goulet grew up in Edmonton and was once a host on the station).
CKUA’s extensive music library. I remember on some of the early fundraisers, volunteers used to run down to the library and pull out requests from donators who called in. A bit of a daunting task, given the size of the collections, and the building. (Image courtesy of CKUA: https://www.flickr.com/photos/mastermaq/16698895761/in/photostream/)

CKUA is ‘Community’ Oriented

Perhaps one of the things that struck me most about the station is the involvement of the community in CKUA, and the involvement of CKUA in the community. That relationship has grown stronger since 1997 when the station shut down but was revived by a new board. Along with their 35 or more hosts, they have over 40 support staff and 500 volunteers. And to date about 12,000 donors, who provide 60 per cent of the radio station’s funding.

And the station supports some pretty awesome music events in Alberta. They often broadcast live at many of the folk festivals in Alberta – the Calgary and Edmonton Folk Festivals, for example, and many more. And bring in renowned musical acts from all over the world. If the JUNO awards are being hosted by an Alberta City, you can be sure CKUA will be there to do some live interviews.

I’ll end with a few personal notes about the radio station. In 1992, I was interviewed by CKUA regarding my work at the HBC Fort Edmonton archaeological site. They support community events. Somewhere in those CKUA library vaults there’s probably a tape of that interview.

In July, 2021 I turned seventy. My wife asked Terry David Mulligan to wish me a happy birthday on his show. Terry had already pre-recorded his show, but despite that he went out of his way to get another host to wish me a happy birthday. Terry didn’t have to do that, but that’s what he’s all about.

Two very popular hosts at CKUA, Terry David Mulligan (Mulligan’s Stew) and Allison Brock (Wide-Cut Country). (Image courtesy of CKUA: https://www.mulliganstew.ca/2021/05/07/mulligan-stew-may-8th-2021-i-million-raised-for-ckua-we-celebrate-with-2-hours-of-music/)

So, for those of you out there who love music and haven’t given this radio station a try, tune in and find out what it’s all about. I’m sure you’ll find something on their eclectic playlist and programs you like. And I guarantee there will be some surprises. I’ve been listening for over twenty years and am still entertained and learning. I hope you will be too.

Jack, Worthington Hagerman, also known as the ‘The ‘Old Disc Jockey’, who is no longer with us, started as a host at CKUA in 1949. Jack left behind an incredible legacy. His shows still air every Sunday on CKUA. For more information on this remarkable man go to: https://ckua.com/read/how-john-worthington-hagerman-became-the-very-essence-of-ckua/. (Image courtesy of CKUA: https://ckua.com/read/how-john-worthington-hagerman-became-the-very-essence-of-ckua/)

In Search of the Great Canadian Food Experience: Edmonton’s Green Onion Cakes

Outside of Edmonton’s Green Onion Cake Man restaurant, which opened in 2018, located on 118th Ave and 91st Street.

I was surfing the web reading about all the great Canadian cuisine. And then I thought of green onion cakes, made right here in Edmonton. So famous that there is an exhibit about them at the new Royal Alberta Museum. And so popular, it was suggested they be named the City’s official food. Then I checked Wikipedia only to find that green onion cakes were not listed on its Canadian Cuisine web page. How can that be?

I texted the recently opened Green Onion Cake Man restaurant in Edmonton and asked them for an interview. Maybe they knew why their highly popular Edmonton food, now found in many major cities in North America, was not on Wiki list of Canadian cuisine? Cuisine, from East Indian to Scottish food, and everything in between, was on those lists. Why not green onion cakes?

Fresh green onion cake, from the Green Onion Cake Man restaurant. When I tasted them, I wasn’t disappointed.

Green Onion Cakes: A Little History First

Chinese green onion pancakes, or Chong Yao Beng (green onion, oil pancake) is a unleavened flatbread folded with oil and finely minced green onion. It varies somewhat in ingredients and production, depending on where it is made. Traditionally a street food, it is now served in many restaurants in North America.

There are many green onion cake recipes and cakes out there to choose from. But I had to try the ones at the Green Onion Cake Man, and ask restaurant owner, Mr. Siu To, about their Edmonton origins. And, why wasn’t this cake adopted earlier in other North American cities as more Chinese people immigrated to Canada? It wasn’t long before I got some answers.

The Green Onion Cake Man Restaurant

Current research suggests that Siu To and his wife Yeenar were the founders of green onion cakes in Canada. They started making them soon after immigrating from Shandong Province, northern China in 1975. In northern China, traditional Mandarin cooking differs from southern Cantonese cooking. ‘More simple, less ingredients’, Mr. To explained to me. But Mr. To’s cooking has caught on. Recently the green onion cake story has been covered by many news outlets, especially after the opening the Green Onion Cake Man restaurant (CBC, Edmonton Sun, The Star, Jennifer Bain).

Siu To, now 79 years old, opened the Happy Garden and the Mongolian Food Experience restaurants in the late 1970s and 80s in Edmonton. His first customers were mostly Taiwanese who really liked his cakes, even though this was not typical southern Chinese fare. According to Edmonton’s historian laureate, Chris Chang-Yen Phillips, “It represents a bit of a shift in Chinese cuisine in Alberta from being a Cantonese-style cuisine to sort of experimenting with other food traditions in China.”

But it was Edmonton’s major festivals in the 1980s, Taste of Edmonton, Edmonton Folk Fest and the Fringe, that really put green onion cakes on the map. They were great festival food favorites and Siu cooked them right there.

My interview with Mr. Siu To, showing me two of his frozen products. Read on for more details below.

One of the first questions I asked Mr. To: ‘Why all the media attention in the last few years?’ He thought it was because people like genuine food being made fresh, right in front of them. That also explains why his cakes caught on at the festivals. Because he fried them right there. And they tasted great.

I entered the restaurant. It was a small, neat place, seating about twenty people, and the emphasis was all on food, not decor. Once in the door, you looked right into the kitchen and watched the cooks preparing your dishes. It reminded me of the original The Only restaurant on East Hastings Street, Vancouver, in the 1980s. Straightforward and simple. But, some of the best seafood I have ever tasted, anywhere.

Standing at the counter of the Green Onion Cake Man, I watched as Linda made fresh green onion cakes for me to take home.

I sat down with Mr. To, hoping to find out a little more about this simple, but delightful food. After only a few minutes of chatting, I already knew one reason why his cakes were so popular. This man was passionate about his cooking. And sharing it with other Canadians. As we talked, he explained that cooking was more than throwing a bunch of ingredients into a frying pan. It was an art and had to come from the heart. I couldn’t agree more.

I asked Mr. To whether the cakes he makes are like the traditional ones in northern China? Mostly, he said. But there was one major difference (which I had not read about before). He said, traditionally green onion cakes were leavened. He explained that he uses baking powder in his cakes, instead of yeast. With baking powder it was easier to control how high the dough rose.

We got around to talking about Edmonton’s numerous festivals. I asked why he choose green onion cakes for festival food, and not something more familiar to Canadians? Like Chow Mein, for example? And not surprisingly, one reason was, practicality. By preparing the green onion cake dough beforehand, he could then quickly flatten the dough balls into cakes and fry them on site. There were fewer ingredients to prepare, fewer pots and pans to carry, than cooking Chow Mein.

My last questions dealt with the popularity and origins of green onion cakes in Canada. Mr. To explained that most Chinese immigrants to Canada came from southeast China, including Taiwan and Hong Kong. Many Chinese Canadian restaurants focused on Cantonese cooking, and not so much northern Chinese cuisine. Lucky for us, Mr. To ended up in Edmonton.

And the reason for its almost instant popularity. Simple – easy to make, easy to cook, inexpensive, and very tasty. A hard combination to beat.

Have Green Onion Cakes Spread Beyond Edmonton?

After my interview, one question remained: After over forty years of existence in Edmonton, do all areas in Canada now have those yummy green onion cakes on their menus? (I asked my wife if we could do a road trip to all major North America cities to do the research. Still waiting for an answer.)

The faster, easier way to find answers was to check the web. I typed in “green onion cake restaurants in…..,” and then the name of the city. Before I get to Canada, surprisingly the few major American cities I checked some restaurants had green onion cakes listed on their menus (New York, Boston, Chicago, Seattle, Washington DC, Los Angeles, San Diego, Los Vegas). And also, London, England and Paris, France. Certainly not like Mr. To’s originals, but something similar.

Next, I checked the major Canadian cities, especially the capitals of every province, and a few extras (i.e., Montreal, Calgary, Vancouver, Saskatoon). Did any of their Chinese restaurant menus list green onion cakes? Restaurants in seven provinces (Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia) listed green onion cakes. No green onion cakes on menus of any restaurants in the other six provinces (Newfoundland/Labrador, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nunavut, Yukon and North West Territories). The four other cities listed above had at least one restaurant that served green onion cakes (a few had over ten).

Along with these facts, and further chats with some Facebook friends, living in less populated areas of Canada, two things became apparent: 1) restaurants in the provinces with the top seven highest Chinese populations listed green onion cakes; and, 2) once you leave the high population centers, even in Alberta, green onion cakes are still a relatively unknown fare for many Canadians. I really feel for you people.

But we still don’t know whether the green onion cake idea spread from Edmonton where it originated, or, was independently conceived by new Chinese arrivals in other cities. Which ever way they spread, it required a sufficiently high Chinese population first to support this food. And that only occurred in major Canadian cities.

And like many other foods and fashions, green onion cakes are being modified according to the tastes in a particular area. In one Toronto restaurant, you can order a folded green onion cake with a chive filling. In another, the green onion cakes are thinner, flatter and flakier than what Mr. To makes.

Called ‘Chive Pockets’ on their menu, these filled pancakes from the Golden Dumpling restaurant, Toronto, look like folded green onion cakes with a filling.
These thinner, flaky green onion cakes, from the Juicy Dumpling restaurant, Toronto, are similar to Mr. To’s, but with perhaps less baking powder in them.

What’s Next for the Green Onion Cake Man?

Although Mr. To isn’t exactly a spring chicken, he is still thinking of new ways to share his knowledge of northern Chinese cuisine with fellow Canadians. Now he has developed dishes for Edmontonians to cook at home.

During our interview, he brought out two samples of his frozen Chinese dishes: 1) Singapore Noodles; and, 2) Yaung Chow Fried Rice. Take them home, thaw them, cook briefly and enjoy. I can’t wait to try them.

Singapore Noodles with shrimp and a sauce to pour over the ingredients.
Yaung Chow Fried Rice bowl, frozen. Just warm it up and you’re ready for a great eating experience.

Siu has now developed six frozen dishes and three frozen soups that you can cook at home. But, it wouldn’t surprise me if there is more to come.

Nothing Like the Real Thing

I had to ask Siu whether he tried green onion cakes at other restaurants. Yes, he had, but they weren’t like his. Did other restaurant owners call him for advice or for his recipe? He said, very few had but he knew they came in and tried his cakes, without talking to him.

If you are ever in Edmonton, or somewhere near 118th Avenue, go grab some green onion cakes and those new frozen dishes that you can cook at home. Even though there may be other green onion cakes out there, there’s nothing like the real thing. Made by Canada’s original Green Onion Cake Man. Mr. Siu To.

Siu To, at the Green Onion Cake Man restaurant talking to his customers.

Note: My ‘fly by the seat of my pants’ research in this article is hardly state of the art. But, it’s the best I could do on short notice, without extensively traveling. There may be other places in Canada where you might find green onion cakes, that I missed. If so, please let me know.

The Anthony Henday Story – Is There Another Point of View?

“By its very nature, history is always a one-sided account.” (Dan Brown, The DeVinci Files)

https://www.citylab.com/life/2019/04/new-zealand-history-maori-culture-indigenous-language-te-reo/587599/

The Significance of Names and Places

I recently cruised the South Pacific, ending up in Australia, before returning to Canada. I saw some pretty interesting displays of Indigenous history and culture on many of these islands, and Australia. What caught my attention was an article in THE AUSTRALIAN, December 2019 , similar to the above New Zealand piece, suggesting that there be more recognition of Australian Aborigine places in Sidney, New South Wales. But in a more visible, concrete manner – Signs for key places and suburbs in the City. That led me to thinking back about Anthony Henday’s journey into Alberta.

https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/city-to-consider-dual-indigenous-names-for-sydney-streets-suburbs/news-story/ebb8e09a9cb8e5789398da4e106a825e

Back in Canada

What are we doing in Canada (which means settlement or place in St. Lawrence Iroquois language) to recognize Indigenous history and place? A very cursory review suggests we’ve done plenty, but there is a long ways to go.

Powell River, Sunshine Coast

Recently I looked at a tourism map of the Powell River Area, Sunshine Coast, British Columbia. An area I am very familiar with and where I live for parts of the year. Most islands, and other major places, have an equivalent Tla’amin (Coast Salish) name beneath the English name. A good start, but I saw few Indigenous road or place signs in the City. It was only recently, in 2017, that the popular Willingdon Beach area in the City, the spot of a former Tla’amin Village, was recognized and signed.

In 2017 steps were also taken to incorporate more Indigenous names in the Powell River region.
Edmonton

When I look around my City, the number of Indigenous names for roads, places, etc. are few and far between. I counted two names (Bearspaw, and Ekota up to the letter M) when going through the list of streets and avenues which numbered in the thousands. The City of Edmonton claims there are a 128 Indigenous place names. However, that list contains places such as St. Albert Drive and Whitemud Drive. For me, these names are hardly Indigenous. At least I don’t see the connection.

The original settlement was named Saint Albert by Bishop Alexandre-Antonin Taché, OMI after Lacombe’s name saint; Saint Albert of Louvain. (Wikipedia)

But, there is a movement afoot in the Edmonton area to rectify this problem. I refer you to an article written by Caroline Barlott, 2017, entitled, “Naming Amiskwaskahegan: Why Edmonton’s Place Names Matter.” The author makes a convincing argument why a more Indigenous visible presence is valuable. She interviewed Calvin Bruneau, Chief of the local Papaschase Band, whose views about Indigenous place names are enlightening.

Back in 2000, while attending the EPCOR Hearings in Edmonton (on whether to expand the existing power facility), I listened to Cree Elder, Wilson Gotchew speak about the Edmonton area. He recalls that it was called, ôtênaw (A place where everyone came). The Cree also called it, ‘Amiskwaskahegan‘ (Beaver Hills House). While that may have been the name specifically for Fort Edmonton, the region where the fort was located may have had a different name – such as ôtênaw. Regardless of what it was once called (and it probably had many over the centuries) the City and region have an Indigenous equivalent which is now being recognized.

From what I understand more Indigenous names are planned for some of the new southeast neighborhoods – such as Decoteau. But surely there must be other local names. One of the problems that arises, is where do we look to find them?

The new Decoteau neighborhood, southeast Edmonton is named for Alex Decoteau, a Cree Olympian in track and field, and the first aboriginal police officer in Canada.

Back to The Henday Story and Attickasish

In my earlier Anthony Henday blog, it was evident that there were other members in Henday’s party, such as his Cree guide Attickasish, whose name could just as easily have been put on that Edmonton road, or a neighborhood, sign (or signs of any highways that run from Saskatchewan into central Alberta, such as highway 13) for his courage and knowledge in leading Henday into Alberta. Without this man, and others like him, Anthony Henday, Samuel Hearne and Henry Kelsey would not have traversed parts of the Canadian west or north, and made it out alive.

What were Middlemen/Women in the Fur Trade?

Individuals, such as Attickasish, walked in many worlds – sometimes among different First Nations or in the white traders’ world. They often brokered deals in trade and exchange between the two parties. Similar Indigenous individuals likely existed for centuries before any white contact or the advent of the Euro-Canadian fur trade. Trade and exchange were always part of First Nations culture in almost every part of North America. A few other names come to mind:

Thanadelthur

Thanadelthur (c.1697-1717) was a Chipewyan (Denesuline) woman of incredible courage. She was many things to many people – a peace maker, guide, teacher, interpreter. During this period of history, tensions between the Cree and Chipewyan were high. Thanadelthur managed to negotiate peace between the Chipewyan and Cree peoples during the early fur trade. She was also instrumental in creating ties between the Chipewyan people and the Hudson’s Bay Company. The Hudson’s Bay Company was indebted to her for being an important conduit to negotiate peace, and eventually trade.

Matonabbee

Serving as Samuel Hearne’s guide in the 1770s, Matonabbee was a powerful leader of his people and revered by the Hudson’s Bay Company. Hearne described him as the “carriers of the rest.” He organized and led his people to trade with the Hudson’s Bay Company. Without his help and influence, among his people and other First Nations, Samuel Hearne would have been toast. Dead, lying somewhere out on the Arctic tundra. Matonabbee, by bringing his people to trade with the Hudson’s Bay Company, became very wealthy; only to redistribute that wealth among his people (sometimes he was given gifts of 1,400 made beaver by the HBC before trading even began). His generosity with his people and others, earned him more power and prestige. After all, then, and now, that’s what wealth got you.

“…persevered with courage…to visit the Athapuscow Indians for several years successively; and at length …brought about a lasting peace, but also…established a trade and reciprocal interest between the two nations”. (Samuel Hearne, describing Matonabbee)

Attickasish

We know little about Attickasish except through Henday’s eyes and his few journal entries, where he is occasionally marginalized – put in the background as the ‘help’. But when you read carefully, Attickasish was a force. He, like Thanadelthur and Matonabbee, had considerable influence among his people, as well as others such as the Blackfoot, and with white traders. Here are a few excerpts about Attickasish from Henday’s journal:

July 22, 1754: “…at night I went to my tent, and told Attickasish, or Little Deer, my Leader, that had the charge of me…”

October 14, 1754: “…Attickasish, Canawappaw, Cokamanakisish, and the other of our leaders walked in from about 4 Miles farther then we; came to 200 tents of Archithinue Natives…Attickasish my guide, informed him I was sent by the Great Leader who lives down at the great waters, to invite his young men down to see him…”

From these few lines it is clear that Attickasish knew the country to successfully guide Henday west. He was the intermediary between Henday and the Blackfoot. And, he must have known some Blackfoot to interpret Henday’s wishes to their leader. Without his guidance, Anthony Henday would not have made it to the Edmonton Area.

Why Then, No Attickasish Names?

Anthony Henday is commemorated on that freeway sign. Attickasish’s name is nowhere to be found, either in the City or the Province. Eventually maybe there will be an Attickasish Highway sign, instead of that boring Highway 13 sign which runs partly across two provinces where he traveled (becoming HWY 14 in Saskatchewan). Surely we can do better than that!

The Many Problems of Naming Communities and Places

Equal voice is the key in naming places. I’m not advocating that indigenous names replace current signage or completely replace signs like Highway 13 (they should compliment them or be added when new place signage is needed); only that they have a greater presence than currently is the case. The McGillivrays, Campbells, and Rutherfords are important historic figures and should also be recognized. But they hardly represent all of Alberta’s history. To ignore the fact that other people had names for places or contributed to our past, is to evade reality.

There is a danger in denying or erasing a people’s history and identity; whether it be deliberately or inadvertently. As one famous person (whose name eludes me at the moment) aptly put it, denying a people their history results in a loss of their culture, and eventually their identity. Small, concrete gestures matter. Gestures that are seen often, by many people.

A Work of Collaboration

People from many walks of life can help in this process: Indigenous peoples, historians, ethnohistorians, archaeologists, City planners and politicians, and you the public. As an archaeologist, I can point out key places in the City that have a long Indigenous history, based on the archaeological evidence. Places you would never think of, such as Mt. Pleasant Cemetery or Magrath Heights Park, or the old Strathcona Science Park. Then its up to members of the Indigenous community to come up with appropriate names for some of these long-forgotten places.

I leave you with these last words about the significance and importance of places and signage by our current Mayor, regarding Indigenous place names and signs :

“In the gesture of working to acknowledge that the language of this place historically was a different language, that’s how we recognize and decolonize what is otherwise a narrative of conquest — and language is part of conquest.” (Mayor Don Iveson, Edmonton, 2016)

A good start but there is still much more that can be done, in the City, and the province.

In my next blog I will explore other Indigenous names and places in Alberta gathered from one of the most extraordinary, rare pieces of historic evidence – a preserved over two-hundred year old Indigenous map, drawn by a Siksika man, for trader and explorer, Peter Fidler.

How I Lost My Head to History – The Story of Anthony Henday

“There is a history in all men’s lives.”

William Shakespeare

Who was Anthony Henday?

Whenever I travel down Anthony Henday Drive in Edmonton, Alberta, I am reminded of this man’s journey to Alberta 266 years ago; and of my own somewhat peculiar involvement in it. You see, there are many ways to explore and understand human history. I thought I might gain more insight into that sometimes murky past by doing something a little different. But, before I tell you about what I did, first we need a little background about Anthony Henday.

Anthony Henday Drive, a ring road which goes entirely around most of Edmonton. Constructed over a 26 year period at a cost of $4.3 billion, the highway can have a traffic volume of 106,000 vehicles per day.
Anthony Henday’s journey to Alberta

In the first half of 1990s the then Provincial Museum of Alberta wanted to develop a new First Nations gallery of culture (which opened in 1997). My job was to help develop a First Nations-European contact display. Anthony Henday I thought. That’s a great contact story. A no brainer. ‘Who is that’, you ask? You know, the dude who, in 1754, paddled, rode, walked, from Hudson Bay to Alberta to ask the ‘Archithinue’ (probably Blackfoot) to come to York Factory to trade (a distance of over 1,500km). He was one of the first white men to contact them in our province. (The French may have been in Alberta earlier. But that is another story).

“…where we were conducted to the Leader’s tent; which was at one end, large enough to contain fifty persons; where he received us seated on a clear (white) Buffalo skin, attended by 20 elderly men….Attickasish my Guide, informed him I was sent by the Great Leader who lives down at the great waters, to invite his young men down to see him and to bring with them Beaver skins, & Wolves skins; & they would get in return Powder, Shot, Guns, Cloth, Beads, &c. He made little answer: only said that it was far off, & they could not paddle.” (from Anthony Henday’s journal, October 14, 1754, somewhere near Innisfail, Alberta)

After the Blackfoot leader turned down his request, Henday wandered around Alberta for the rest of the winter with his Cree and Assiniboine companions, not really knowing where he was and almost totally dependent on them: November 16, 1754. “Women making cloathing for cold weather…” Those women made his clothing as well, or he likely would have froze to death. The group eventually ended up near or at Edmonton in the spring of 1755.

Over the years there has been considerable controversy surrounding Henday’s journal (of which there are four different versions, none being his original) and his journey west. Was the whole thing a fabrication? Did he travel this far west? And, how do we know Henday ended up in or near Edmonton? His journal entries are quite specific on both direction and distance; and, occasionally land-forms. Before coming to Canada he was a seaman (some think a smuggler) in England. Sailing required a rudimentary knowledge of navigation including the use of a compass. Note the direction and distance of some of Henday’s journal entries: Sunday, October 12, 1754: “Travelled 8 Miles. S.W.b.W.”; Wednesday, October 30, 1754: “Travelled 4 Miles W.b.N.”; Thursday, November 7, 1754. “Travelled 4 Miles N.W.”

These are compass bearings. it is highly likely Henday was using a compass rose such as the one shown below:

This compass rose has only 16 points and is divided into sixteen segments (22.5 degrees each). Some compass roses are divided into as many as 32 points of direction. On occasion Henday uses a 32 point bearing (e.g., “Travelled 4 Miles W.b.N‘).

There are also a lot of problems when taking Henday’s directions and distances and plotting them on a modern map to see where he traveled. Alwynne Beaudoin, Royal Alberta Museum, and I did just that realizing, and taking into account, that magnetic north in 1754 would not have been the same as it is today (see our article for more detail, listed in the references at the end of this blog). Also, how accurate was Henday in estimating distances in a canoe, on horseback or on foot? Here’s roughly the route that many of us think Henday took when he got near Edmonton. He likely came up Saunders Lake, and the Gwynne Channel (located south of Edmonton which connects to Blackmud Creek.) His journal entries indicate that after journeying up Saunders Lake, he trekked approximately 20km on the ice of a river until he reached the North Saskatchewan River. (A cursory look on a map of the Edmonton region shows there are not many creeks or rivers big enough to choose from). He most likely continued north up the Gwynne Channel, and then followed Blackmud Creek (which connects to Whitemud Creek) until he reached the North Saskatchewan River, putting him in today’s Edmonton – a distance of approximately 20km.

A map of the Edmonton area showing Saunders Lake, Gwynne Channel to the south, connecting to Blackmud and Whitemud Creeks to the North Saskatchewan River.
The Making of the Anthony Henday Diorama

We developed a diorama with Henday sitting in a large tipi feasting with the Blackfoot leader. One side of the tipi was open displaying a large mural depicting the rolling landscape in the Innisfail area and the camp’s curious onlookers peering in, having probably never seen a white man before:

Anthony Henday sitting to the ‘Archithinue’ Leader’s right. In the foreground are the trade gifts Henday brought with him and the bowl of buffalo tongues which the group are feasting on. His Cree ‘companion’ and Attickasish (decked out as a trading captain) are on Henday’s right. An elder sits on the left side of the Archithinue leader
Casting My Head and Hands

We needed mannequins in the Henday diorama, including Henday. I was asked if I would like to be Henday. To do that, I would have to have my head and hands cast. Without much hesitation or forethought, I agreed. What better way to get into character, and perhaps even divine what this guy was like 250 years ago. Really get inside Henday’s head.

In hindsight what was I thinking? I didn’t realize that in order to be Henday I had to have my head and hands encased in cement – well, a form of plaster of Paris. My mustache was shaved off, my eyebrows greased up and my hair covered in plastic. (Those of you who are claustrophobic should maybe stop reading this blog now.) First, they greased up my hands, then poured plaster over them, and told me not to move them. Of course, as soon as they said that I immediately wanted to move my hands. It took twenty minutes for the plaster to set and I managed hold up, kind of. But the worst was yet to come.

My head was next. What I didn’t know was that my entire head would be covered in plaster. My only connection to life consisted of two small nose holes to let me breath. At that point lots of things went through my mind; mostly of what potentially could go wrong. So, they poured plaster over my entire head with just those two little holes connecting me to life. ‘Just try to relax Heinz. This won’t take long.’ I couldn’t hear. I couldn’t see. My head was getting rather warm as the plaster set. The only thing I remember thinking, was: ‘Don’t panic, don’t start hyperventilating or you will suck plaster up your nose.’

Me (Anthony Henday). There is no painting, sketch, or even a description of what Anthony Henday looked like. Born in 1725, he would have been about 29 years old when first entering Alberta. Given the time period and his rough mode of travel, he likely would have had a beard and long hair.

Despite my worst fears, the results turned out pretty good, as you can see from these images. I was dressed in the style of the time period. I received hair and a beard. Thousands of people have looked at me (Henday) over the years, not knowing who I really was. I’m still sitting there on a billboard beside the Queen Elizabeth II Highway, near Innisfail, Alberta, somewhere near where Henday probably met the Archithinue in 1754.

As to being any wiser about Henday’s life, having my head encased in plaster? I would not recommend this method to anyone.

The Historic Sites of Alberta Anthony Henday sign beside the Queen Elizabeth Highway, near Innisfail, Alberta. (Courtesy of Alberta Culture, Multiculturalism and Status of Women.)

The Henday diorama and the old Provincial Museum of Alberta are gone. So is my head. I am in the process of asking about it; maybe even getting it back. I just talked to the Director of the new Royal Alberta Museum, Mr. Chris Robinson, about my head. (He didn’t even know that I was in that diorama posing as Henday; it was before his time as director). He’s looking for it. Wish me luck.

Henday in 1997 (left). The wannabe Henday today, much greyer and older (other left).

Note: Hey, Edmontonians, or other Albertans, Canadians, take a survey of how many people know about Anthony Henday. At your next dinner party, on the streets of Edmonton, your local hockey rink. Wherever. Ask people who Anthony Henday is and what he means to this City. I’d love to hear the results. I would guess, approximately only one-third of the people you ask will know, yet many of us see that sign almost every day. I’m doing my own survey and will post all results in a later blog. Maybe by then I will have found my head.

References

Beaudoin, Alwynne Beaudoin and Heinz W. Pyszczyk. 1998. Where Was Anthony Henday and What Did He See? Alberta Archaeological Review 28:25-31. [Alwynne Beaudoin and I traveled around the Innisfail area trying to use Henday’s directions to find land-forms and reconstruct his journey. As we crested a rather high hill that morning, I looked west and saw the Rocky Mountains, as Henday might have. I (and others) always wondered why he never mentioned them in his journal, until I read a quote from David Thompson about those same mountains: “At length the Rocky Mountains came in sight like shining white clouds in the horizon, but we doubted what our guide said; but as we proceeded, they rose in height their immense masses of snow appeared above the clouds…” (David Thompson’s journals. In Travels in Western North America, 1784-1812, edited by Victor G. Hopwood, pp.94.) And, then once the humidity had increased in the afternoon, we could no longer see them.

Burpee, Lawrence J. [editor] 1973. The Journal of Anthony Henday, 1754-55. York Factory to the Blackfoot Country. Canadian House, Toronto. [There is a lot of controversy around Henday’s journal, of which there are four different versions, and where exactly he traveled. Some scholars even claim they are a fabrication. However, based on his descriptions of land-forms, rivers, and directions, I believe he did make it to Alberta. Just not always where Burpee puts him. Despite all these problems, the Henday journal is a great little read]

MacGregor, J.G.  1954. Behold the Shining Mountains. Applied Arts Products Ltd., Edmonton, Alberta. [Historian, James MacGregor also plotted Henday’s route from Hudson Bay to Alberta, based on his journal entries. It differs considerably from Burpee’s map. Burpee has Henday turning south, after meeting the Archithinue, and returning to York Factory, via the Red Deer River while MacGregor has him turning north and ending up along the North Saskatchewan River. Almost al Henday’s entries after that meeting are to the west and north.]

Scott, Stephen P. 1997. A Puzzle Revisited: Historiography and Documentary Problems in the Journals of Anthony Henday (MA). University of Winnipeg/University of Manitoba. [If you really want to get into the details of Henday’s life and journal, then Mr. Scott’s MA is a good read.]

Edmonton Beneath Our Feet

My Neighborhood

I live in the tranquil, lovely neighborhood of Pleasantview, located in the heart of Edmonton. My house sits at the base of Mount Pleasant Cemetery, which is perched on a very high hill (known as a kame – a short ridge, hill, or mound deposited by glacial melt-water sediments). Based on past research, similar large hills in Edmonton contain archaeological sites representing a First Nations history that goes back thousands of years (for more details see: Heinz W. Pyszczyk, Elizabeth Noble, Ross W. Wein. 2006. ‘Aboriginal Land Use in the Greater Edmonton Area’. In: Coyotes Still Sing in My Valley : Conserving Biodiversity in a Northern City. Spotted Cow Press). But one would never know it, by just looking around the neighborhood.

The top of Mount Pleasant Cemetery, one of Edmonton’s highest points of land. This south facing hilltop would have been an ideal camping and lookout spot.
Excavations, by Mr. Charles Ramsey, Stantec, at the base of Rabbit Hill (a kame), southwest Edmonton, before residential development.
Projectile points found at the Rabbit Hill excavations, some dating back to approximately five thousand years ago.
My Back Yard

It was reasonable to ask then, what might be in my back yard, since it is located close to the base of a kame?

As I was building my new walkway in the back yard, here is what I found. It wasn’t an earth-shattering discovery – actually, almost expected given what we know about these hills. But, it did show that First Nations People camped here long before the first Europeans ever stepped on this ground.

Some artifacts from my back yard. From left to right: Two quartzite stone flakes from making stone tools; a quartzite uniface, perhaps being shaped into a knife; and, a piece of butchered animal bone.

Much of the ground in my neighborhood, including my back yard, has been severely disturbed over the years, so these artifacts are no longer in their original context. It is virtually impossible to date the stone artifacts. But there are still some places in my community, and elsewhere in Edmonton, where the ground is not disturbed, where intact archaeological deposits might still be present.

So people of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, what lies beneath your feet that you don’t know about? Probably more than you think!

References

Very little published material exists about the Prehistory (that period of human history before the written record) of the Greater Edmonton Area. Here are a few key references (but by no means all) about First Nations archaeology before Europeans entered Alberta:

Pyszczyk, Heinz W.  1996. Archaeology Guide & Tour of Greater Edmonton Area. Provincial Museum of Alberta. (Copies of this booklet should be in the Edmonton Public Library, or University of Alberta Library)

Pyszczyk, Heinz W., Elizabeth Noble, Ross W. Wein.  2006. Aboriginal Land Use in the Greater Edmonton Area. In Coyotes Still Sing in My Valley: Conserving Biodiversity in a Northern City, edited by Ross W. Wein. Spotted Cow Press.

B. Newton and J. Pollock, J. W. Ives, Heinz W. Pyszczyk.  1985. Strathcona Site (FjPi-29) Excavations. Archaeological Survey of Alberta. Manuscript Series 2, 3, & 4. Alberta Culture. (This volume is out of print but should be in the University of Alberta library, and perhaps in the Edmonton Public Library. This is a technical report describing the archaeological remains recovered from the Strathcona site in east Edmonton.)

Losey, T. C.  1971. The Stony Plain Quarry Site. Plains Anthropologist, 16-52: 138-154. (Description of a Prehistoric site along the Saskatchewan River, west of Stony Plain, Alberta. Quite technical.)